Elimination of Parameters in the Polynomial Hierarchy

Blum Cucker Shub and Smale have shown that the problem P NP has the same answer in all algebraically closed elds of characteristic We generalize this result to the polynomial hierarchy if it collapses over an algebraically closed eld of characteristic then it must collapse at the same level over all algebraically closed elds of characteristic The main ingredient of their proof was a theorem on the elimination of parameters which we also extend to the polynomial hierarchy Similar but somewhat weaker results hold in positive characteristic The present paper updates a report LIP Research Report with the same title and in particular includes new results on interactive protocols and boolean parts